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SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES GUNN ET AL. v. MINTON CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES GUNN ET AL. v. MINTON CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
GUNN ET AL. v. MINTON
CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
No. 11–1118. Argued January 16, 2013—Decided February 20, 2013
Petitioner attorneys represented respondent Minton in a federal patentinfringement suit. The District Court declared Minton's patent invalid under the “on sale” bar since he had leased his interactive securities trading system to a securities brokerage “more than one yearprior to the date of the [patent] application.” 35 U. S. C. §102(b). In a motion for reconsideration, Minton argued for the first time thatthe lease was part of ongoing testing, and therefore fell within the“experimental use” exception to the on-sale bar. The District Court denied the motion and the Federal Circuit affirmed, concluding thatthe District Court had appropriately held that argument waived. Convinced that his attorneys' failure to timely raise the argumentcost him the lawsuit and led to the invalidation of his patent, Minton brought a legal malpractice action in Texas state court. His former attorneys argued that Minton's infringement claims would have failed even if the experimental-use argument had been timely raised,and the trial court agreed. On appeal, Minton claimed that the federal district courts had exclusive jurisdiction over claims like his under 28 U. S. C. §1338(a), which provides for exclusive federal jurisdiction over any case “arising under any Act of Congress relating topatents.” Minton argued that the state trial court had therefore lacked jurisdiction, and he should be able to start over with his malpractice suit in federal court. Applying the test of Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg., 545 U. S. 308, the Texas Court of Appeals rejected Minton's argument, proceeded to the merits, and determined that Minton had failed to establish experimental use. The Texas Supreme Court reversed, concluding that the case properly belonged in federal court because the success of Minton's malpractice claim relied upon a question of federal patent law.
Held: Section §1338(a) does not deprive the state courts of subject mat2
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ter jurisdiction over Minton's malpractice claim. Pp. 4–13.
(a)
Congress has authorized the federal district courts to exerciseoriginal jurisdiction over “any civil action arising under any Act of Congress relating to patents,” and further decreed that “[n]o Statecourt shall have jurisdiction over any [such] claim.” §1338(a). Because federal law did not create the cause of action asserted by Minton's legal malpractice claim, the claim can “aris[e] under” federal patent law only if it “necessarily raise[s] a stated federal issue, actuallydisputed and substantial, which a federal forum may entertain without disturbing any congressionally approved balance of federal and state judicial responsibilities.” Grable, 545 U. S., at 314. Pp. 4–6.
(b)
Applying Grable's inquiry here, it is clear that Minton's legal malpractice claim does not arise under federal patent law. Pp. 6–12.
(1)
Resolution of a federal patent question is “necessary” to Minton's case. To prevail on his claim, Minton must show that an experimental-use argument would have prevailed if only petitioners hadtimely made it in the earlier patent litigation. That hypothetical patent case within the malpractice case must be resolved to decide Minton's malpractice claim. P. 7.
(2)
The federal issue is also “actually disputed.” Minton arguesthat the experimental-use exception applied, which would have saved his patent from the on-sale bar; petitioners argue that it did not.Pp. 7–8.
(3)
Minton's argument founders, however, on Grable's substantiality requirement. The substantiality inquiry looks to the importance of the issue to the federal system as a whole. Here, the federal issue does not carry the necessary significance. No matter how the state courts resolve the hypothetical “case within a case,” the real-worldresult of the prior federal patent litigation will not change. Nor will allowing state courts to resolve these cases undermine “the development of a uniform body of [patent] law.” Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc., 489 U. S. 141, 162. The federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over actual patent cases, and in resolving the nonhypothetical patent questions those cases present they are of course not bound by state precedents. Minton suggests that statecourts' answers to hypothetical patent questions can sometimes havereal-world effect on other patents through issue preclusion, but even assuming that is true, such “fact-bound and situation-specific” effectsare not sufficient to establish arising under jurisdiction, Empire HealthChoice Assurance, Inc. v. McVeigh, 547 U. S. 677, 701. Finally,the federal courts' greater familiarity with patent law is not enough, by itself, to trigger the federal courts' exclusive patent jurisdiction.Pp. 8–12.
(4) It follows from the foregoing that Minton does not meet GraCite
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ble's fourth requirement, which is concerned with the appropriatefederal-state balance. There is no reason to suppose that Congressmeant to bar from state courts state legal malpractice claims simplybecause they require resolution of a hypothetical patent issue. P. 12.
355 S. W. 3d 634, reversed and remanded.
ROBERTS, C. J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
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NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in thepreliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested tonotify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in orderthat corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
No. 11–1118
JERRY W. GUNN, ET AL., PETITIONERS v.
VERNON F. MINTON
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
[February 20, 2013]
CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS delivered the opinion of theCourt.
Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over cases“arising under any Act of Congress relating to patents.” 28 U. S. C. §1338(a). The question presented is whether a state law claim alleging legal malpractice in the handling of a patent case must be brought in federal court.
I In the early 1990s, respondent Vernon Minton developed a computer program and telecommunications network designed to facilitate securities trading. In March 1995, he leased the system—known as the Texas Computer Exchange Network, or TEXCEN—to R. M. Stark & Co.,a securities brokerage. A little over a year later, he applied for a patent for an interactive securities tradingsystem that was based substantially on TEXCEN. The
U. S. Patent and Trademark Office issued the patent in January 2000.
Patent in hand, Minton filed a patent infringement suit in Federal District Court against the National Associationof Securities Dealers, Inc. (NASD) and the NASDAQ Stock Market, Inc. He was represented by Jerry Gunn and the
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other petitioners. NASD and NASDAQ moved for summary judgment on the ground that Minton's patent wasinvalid under the “on sale” bar, 35 U. S. C. §102(b). That provision specifies that an inventor is not entitled to a patent if “the invention was . . . on sale in [the UnitedStates], more than one year prior to the date of the application,” and Minton had leased TEXCEN to Stark more than one year prior to filing his patent application. Rejecting Minton's argument that there were differences between TEXCEN and the patented system that precluded application of the on-sale bar, the District Court grantedthe summary judgment motion and declared Minton's patent invalid. Minton v. National Assn. of Securities Dealers, Inc., 226 F. Supp. 2d 845, 873, 883–884 (ED Tex. 2002).
Minton then filed a motion for reconsideration in the District Court, arguing for the first time that the lease agreement with Stark was part of ongoing testing of TEXCEN and therefore fell within the “experimental use” exception to the on-sale bar. See generally Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc., 525 U. S. 55, 64 (1998) (describing the exception). The District Court denied the motion. Minton
v. National Assn. of Securities Dealers, Inc., No. 9:00–cv– 00019 (ED Tex., July 15, 2002).
Minton appealed to the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. That court affirmed, concluding that the District Court had appropriately held Minton's experimental-use argument waived. See Minton v. National Assn. of Securities Dealers, Inc., 336 F. 3d 1373, 1379– 1380 (CA Fed. 2003).
Minton, convinced that his attorneys' failure to raise theexperimental-use argument earlier had cost him the lawsuit and led to invalidation of his patent, brought thismalpractice action in Texas state court. His former lawyers defended on the ground that the lease to Stark wasnot, in fact, for an experimental use, and that therefore
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Minton's patent infringement claims would have failedeven if the experimental-use argument had been timelyraised. The trial court agreed, holding that Minton had put forward “less than a scintilla of proof ” that the lease had been for an experimental purpose. App. 213. It accordingly granted summary judgment to Gunn and theother lawyer defendants.
On appeal, Minton raised a new argument: Because his legal malpractice claim was based on an alleged error in apatent case, it “aris[es] under” federal patent law for purposes of 28 U. S. C. §1338(a). And because, under §1338(a), “[n]o State court shall have jurisdiction over any claim for relief arising under any Act of Congress relatingto patents,” the Texas court—where Minton had originallybrought his malpractice claim—lacked subject matterjurisdiction to decide the case. Accordingly, Minton argued, the trial court's order should be vacated and the casedismissed, leaving Minton free to start over in the FederalDistrict Court.
A divided panel of the Court of Appeals of Texas rejectedMinton's argument. Applying the test we articulated in Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg., 545 U. S. 308, 314 (2005), it held that the federal interests implicated by Minton's state law claim were notsufficiently substantial to trigger §1338 “arising under”jurisdiction. It also held that finding exclusive federal jurisdiction over state legal malpractice actions would, contrary to Grable's commands, disturb the balance of federal and state judicial responsibilities. Proceeding to the merits of Minton's malpractice claim, the Court ofAppeals affirmed the trial court's determination that Minton had failed to establish experimental use and that arguments on that ground therefore would not have saved his infringement suit.
The Supreme Court of Texas reversed, relying heavilyon a pair of cases from the U. S. Court of Appeals for the
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Federal Circuit. 355 S. W. 3d 634, 641–642 (2011) (discussing Air Measurement Technologies, Inc. v. Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, L. L. P., 504 F. 3d 1262 (2007); Immunocept, LLC v. Fulbright & Jaworski, LLP, 504 F. 3d 1281 (2007)). The Court concluded that Minton's claim involved “a substantial federal issue” within the meaningof Grable “because the success of Minton's malpracticeclaim is reliant upon the viability of the experimental use exception as a defense to the on-sale bar.” 355 S. W. 3d, at
644. Adjudication of Minton's claim in federal court was consistent with the appropriate balance between federaland state judicial responsibilities, it held, because “thefederal government and patent litigants have an interestin the uniform application of patent law by courts wellversed in that subject matter.” Id., at 646 (citing Immunocept, supra, at 1285–1286; Air Measurement Technologies, supra, at 1272).
Justice Guzman, joined by Justices Medina and Willett, dissented. The dissenting justices would have held that the federal issue was neither substantial nor disputed,and that maintaining the proper balance of responsibilitybetween state and federal courts precluded relegatingstate legal malpractice claims to federal court.
We granted certiorari. 568 U. S. ___ (2012).
II “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction,” possessing “only that power authorized by Constitution andstatute.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of America, 511 U. S. 375, 377 (1994). There is no dispute that the Constitution permits Congress to extend federal courtjurisdiction to a case such as this one, see Osborn v. Bank of United States, 9 Wheat. 738, 823–824 (1824); the question is whether Congress has done so, see Powell v. McCormack, 395 U. S. 486, 515–516 (1969). As relevant here, Congress has authorized the federal
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district courts to exercise original jurisdiction in “all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States,” 28 U. S. C. §1331, and, more particularly, over “any civil action arising under any Act of Congress relating to patents,” §1338(a). Adhering to the demands of “[l]inguistic consistency,” we have interpretedthe phrase “arising under” in both sections identically,applying our §1331 and §1338(a) precedents interchangeably. See Christianson v. Colt Industries Operating Corp., 486 U. S. 800, 808–809 (1988). For cases falling withinthe patent-specific arising under jurisdiction of §1338(a), however, Congress has not only provided for federal jurisdiction but also eliminated state jurisdiction, decreeing that “[n]o State court shall have jurisdiction over any claim for relief arising under any Act of Congress relatingto patents.” §1338(a) (2006 ed., Supp. V). To determine whether jurisdiction was proper in the Texas courts, therefore, we must determine whether it would have been proper in a federal district court—whether, that is, the case “aris[es] under any Act of Congress relating to patents.”
For statutory purposes, a case can “aris[e] under” federal law in two ways. Most directly, a case arises underfederal law when federal law creates the cause of action asserted. See American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co., 241 U. S. 257, 260 (1916) (“A suit arises under the law that creates the cause of action”). As a rule of inclusion, this “creation” test admits of only extremely rare exceptions, see, e.g., Shoshone Mining Co. v. Rutter, 177 U. S. 505 (1900), and accounts for the vast bulk of suits that arise under federal law, see Franchise Tax Bd. of Cal. v. Construction Laborers Vacation Trust for Southern Cal., 463 U. S. 1, 9 (1983). Minton's original patent infringement suit against NASD and NASDAQ, for example, arose under federal law in this manner because it was authorized by 35 U. S. C. §§271, 281.
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But even where a claim finds its origins in state rather than federal law—as Minton's legal malpractice claimindisputably does—we have identified a “special and smallcategory” of cases in which arising under jurisdiction still lies. Empire HealthChoice Assurance, Inc. v. McVeigh, 547
U. S. 677, 699 (2006). In outlining the contours of thisslim category, we do not paint on a blank canvas. Unfortunately, the canvas looks like one that Jackson Pollock got to first. See 13D C. Wright, A. Miller, E. Cooper, & R. Freer, Federal Practice and Procedure §3562, pp. 175–176(3d ed. 2008) (reviewing general confusion on question).
In an effort to bring some order to this unruly doctrineseveral Terms ago, we condensed our prior cases into thefollowing inquiry: Does the “state-law claim necessarily raise a stated federal issue, actually disputed and substantial, which a federal forum may entertain withoutdisturbing any congressionally approved balance of federal and state judicial responsibilities”? Grable, 545 U. S., at
314. That is, federal jurisdiction over a state law claimwill lie if a federal issue is: (1) necessarily raised, (2) actually disputed, (3) substantial, and (4) capable of resolutionin federal court without disrupting the federal-state balance approved by Congress. Where all four of these requirements are met, we held, jurisdiction is proper because there is a “serious federal interest in claiming theadvantages thought to be inherent in a federal forum,” which can be vindicated without disrupting Congress'sintended division of labor between state and federal courts. Id., at 313–314.
III Applying Grable's inquiry here, it is clear that Minton'slegal malpractice claim does not arise under federal patentlaw. Indeed, for the reasons we discuss, we are comfortable concluding that state legal malpractice claims based on underlying patent matters will rarely, if ever, arise under
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federal patent law for purposes of §1338(a). Althoughsuch cases may necessarily raise disputed questions of patent law, those cases are by their nature unlikely tohave the sort of significance for the federal system necessary to establish jurisdiction.
A To begin, we acknowledge that resolution of a federal patent question is “necessary” to Minton's case. Under Texas law, a plaintiff alleging legal malpractice mustestablish four elements: (1) that the defendant attorneyowed the plaintiff a duty; (2) that the attorney breachedthat duty; (3) that the breach was the proximate cause ofthe plaintiff 's injury; and (4) that damages occurred. See Alexander v. Turtur & Associates, Inc., 146 S. W. 3d 113, 117 (Tex. 2004). In cases like this one, in which the attorney's alleged error came in failing to make a particularargument, the causation element requires a “case within acase” analysis of whether, had the argument been made, the outcome of the earlier litigation would have been different. 355 S. W. 3d, at 639; see 4 R. Mallen & J. Smith, Legal Malpractice §37:15, pp. 1509–1520 (2012).To prevail on his legal malpractice claim, therefore, Minton must show that he would have prevailed in his federal patent infringement case if only petitioners had timely made an experimental-use argument on his behalf. 355
S. W. 3d, at 644. That will necessarily require application of patent law to the facts of Minton's case.
B The federal issue is also “actually disputed” here—indeed, on the merits, it is the central point of dispute.Minton argues that the experimental-use exceptionproperly applied to his lease to Stark, saving his patent from the on-sale bar; petitioners argue that it did not. This is just the sort of “‘dispute . . . respecting the . . .
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effect of [federal] law'” that Grable envisioned. 545 U. S., at 313 (quoting Shulthis v. McDougal, 225 U. S. 561, 569 (1912)).
C Minton's argument founders on Grable's next requirement, however, for the federal issue in this case is not substantial in the relevant sense. In reaching the oppositeconclusion, the Supreme Court of Texas focused on the importance of the issue to the plaintiff 's case and to the parties before it. 355 S. W. 3d, at 644 (“because the success of Minton's malpractice claim is reliant upon the viability of the experimental use exception as a defense to the on-sale bar, we hold that it is a substantial federal issue”); see also Air Measurement Technologies, 504 F. 3d, at 1272 (“the issue is substantial, for it is a necessary element of the malpractice case”). As our past cases show, however, it is not enough that the federal issue be significant to the particular parties in the immediate suit; thatwill always be true when the state claim “necessarily raise[s]” a disputed federal issue, as Grable separatelyrequires. The substantiality inquiry under Grable looks instead to the importance of the issue to the federal system as a whole. In Grable itself, for example, the Internal RevenueService had seized property from the plaintiff and sold it to satisfy the plaintiff 's federal tax delinquency. 545
U. S., at 310–311. Five years later, the plaintiff filed astate law quiet title action against the third party thathad purchased the property, alleging that the IRS had failed to comply with certain federally imposed noticerequirements, so that the seizure and sale were invalid. Ibid. In holding that the case arose under federal law, we primarily focused not on the interests of the litigantsthemselves, but rather on the broader significance of the notice question for the Federal Government. We emphaCite
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sized the Government's “strong interest” in being able to recover delinquent taxes through seizure and sale of property, which in turn “require[d] clear terms of notice to allow buyers . . . to satisfy themselves that the Service has touched the bases necessary for good title.” Id., at 315. The Government's “direct interest in the availability of a federal forum to vindicate its own administrative action” made the question “an important issue of federal law that sensibly belong[ed] in a federal court.” Ibid.
A second illustration of the sort of substantiality werequire comes from Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co., 255 U. S. 180 (1921), which Grable described as “[t]he classic example” of a state claim arising under federal law.545 U. S., at 312. In Smith, the plaintiff argued that thedefendant bank could not purchase certain bonds issued by the Federal Government because the Government hadacted unconstitutionally in issuing them. 255 U. S., at
198. We held that the case arose under federal law, because the “decision depends upon the determination” of“the constitutional validity of an act of Congress which is directly drawn in question.” Id., at 201. Again, the relevant point was not the importance of the question to the parties alone but rather the importance more generally of a determination that the Government “securities were issued under an unconstitutional law, and hence of no validity.” Ibid.; see also Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc.
v. Thompson, 478 U. S. 804, 814, n. 12 (1986).
Here, the federal issue carries no such significance.Because of the backward-looking nature of a legal malpractice claim, the question is posed in a merely hypothetical sense: If Minton's lawyers had raised a timely experimental-use argument, would the result in the patent infringement proceeding have been different? No matter how the state courts resolve that hypothetical “case withina case,” it will not change the real-world result of the prior federal patent litigation. Minton's patent will remain
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invalid.
Nor will allowing state courts to resolve these cases undermine “the development of a uniform body of [patent] law.” Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc., 489
U. S. 141, 162 (1989). Congress ensured such uniformityby vesting exclusive jurisdiction over actual patent casesin the federal district courts and exclusive appellate jurisdiction in the Federal Circuit. See 28 U. S. C. §§1338(a), 1295(a)(1). In resolving the nonhypothetical patent questions those cases present, the federal courts are of course not bound by state court case-within-a-case patent rulings. See Tafflin v. Levitt, 493 U. S. 455, 465 (1990). In any event, the state court case-within-a-case inquiry askswhat would have happened in the prior federal proceeding if a particular argument had been made. In answeringthat question, state courts can be expected to hew closely to the pertinent federal precedents. It is those precedents, after all, that would have applied had the argument beenmade. Cf. ibid. (“State courts adjudicating civil RICO claims will . . . be guided by federal court interpretationsof the relevant federal criminal statutes, just as federal courts sitting in diversity are guided by state court interpretations of state law”).
As for more novel questions of patent law that may arisefor the first time in a state court “case within a case,” theywill at some point be decided by a federal court in thecontext of an actual patent case, with review in the Federal Circuit. If the question arises frequently, it will soon beresolved within the federal system, laying to rest anycontrary state court precedent; if it does not arise frequently, it is unlikely to implicate substantial federalinterests. The present case is “poles apart from Grable,” in which a state court's resolution of the federal question“would be controlling in numerous other cases.” Empire HealthChoice Assurance, Inc., 547 U. S., at 700.
Minton also suggests that state courts' answers to hypo11
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thetical patent questions can sometimes have real-world effect on other patents through issue preclusion. Brief for Respondent 33–36. Minton, for example, has filed what isknown as a “continuation patent” application related tohis original patent. See 35 U. S. C. §120; 4A D. Chisum,Patents §13.03 (2005) (describing continuation applications). He argues that, in evaluating this separate application, the patent examiner could be bound by the Texastrial court's interpretation of the scope of Minton's original patent. See Brief for Respondent 35–36. It is unclear whether this is true. The Patent and Trademark Office's Manual of Patent Examining Procedure provides that res judicata is a proper ground for rejecting a patent “onlywhen the earlier decision was a decision of the Board of Appeals” or certain federal reviewing courts, giving no indication that state court decisions would have preclusiveeffect. See Dept. of Commerce, Patent and TrademarkOffice, Manual of Patent Examining Procedure §706.03(w), p. 700–79 (rev. 8th ed. 2012); 35 U. S. C. §§134(a), 141, 145; Reply Brief 9–10. In fact, Minton has not identified any case finding such preclusive effect basedon a state court decision. But even assuming that a statecourt's case-within-a-case adjudication may be preclusive under some circumstances, the result would be limited to the parties and patents that had been before the state court. Such “fact-bound and situation-specific” effects are not sufficient to establish federal arising under jurisdiction. Empire HealthChoice Assurance, Inc., supra, at 701.
Nor can we accept the suggestion that the federal courts' greater familiarity with patent law means that legalmalpractice cases like this one belong in federal court. See Air Measurement Technologies, 504 F. 3d, at 1272 (“Thelitigants will also benefit from federal judges who have experience in claim construction and infringement matters”); 355 S. W. 3d, at 646 (“patent litigants have aninterest in the uniform application of patent law by courts
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well-versed in that subject matter”). It is true that a similar interest was among those we considered in Grable. 545 U. S., at 314. But the possibility that a state court will incorrectly resolve a state claim is not, by itself, enough to trigger the federal courts' exclusive patentjurisdiction, even if the potential error finds its root in amisunderstanding of patent law.
There is no doubt that resolution of a patent issue in the context of a state legal malpractice action can be vitally important to the particular parties in that case. But something more, demonstrating that the question is significant to the federal system as a whole, is needed. That is missing here.
D It follows from the foregoing that Grable's fourth requirement is also not met. That requirement is concerned with the appropriate “balance of federal and state judicialresponsibilities.” Ibid. We have already explained theabsence of a substantial federal issue within the meaning of Grable. The States, on the other hand, have “a special responsibility for maintaining standards among members of the licensed professions.” Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Assn., 436 U. S. 447, 460 (1978). Their “interest . . . in regulating lawyers is especially great since lawyers are essential to the primary governmental function of administering justice, and have historically been officers of thecourts.” Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U. S. 773, 792 (1975) (internal quotation marks omitted). We have no reason to suppose that Congress—in establishing exclusive federal jurisdiction over patent cases—meant to barfrom state courts state legal malpractice claims simplybecause they require resolution of a hypothetical patent issue.
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* * *
As we recognized a century ago, “[t]he Federal courtshave exclusive jurisdiction of all cases arising under thepatent laws, but not of all questions in which a patent may be the subject-matter of the controversy.” New Marshall Engine Co. v. Marshall Engine Co., 223 U. S. 473, 478 (1912). In this case, although the state courts must answer a question of patent law to resolve Minton's legalmalpractice claim, their answer will have no broader effects. It will not stand as binding precedent for any future patent claim; it will not even affect the validity of Minton's patent. Accordingly, there is no “serious federal interest in claiming the advantages thought to be inherentin a federal forum,” Grable, supra, at 313. Section 1338(a) does not deprive the state courts of subject matter jurisdiction.
The judgment of the Supreme Court of Texas is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedingsnot inconsistent with this opinion.
It is so ordered.
Avv. Antonino Sugamele

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